The second law of thermodynamics is an example of the fundamental laws that govern our universe and is relevant to every branch of science exploring the physical world. This reference summarizes knowledge and concepts about the second law of thermodynamics and entropy. A verbatim explanation of chemical thermodynamics is presented by the author, making this text easy to understand for chemistry students, researchers, non-experts, and educators.

This eBook covers the application of high-throughput R&D to both fundamental and applied catalysis including catalyst synthesis, characterization, and testing in various reactor types. Chapters include topics such as applications ranging from optimizations of established industrial catalysts to the discovery of innovative new materials, examples of the development of innovative parallel characterization methods, and cases of real catalyst testing in small scale reactor systems. Readers will also find chapters that cover commodity chemicals produced using continuous gas phase processes as well as fine chemicals produced in liquid phase batch reactors. The potential of industrial chemicals production from biorenewable feedstocks is also presented. The steadily improving high throughput workflows are today being applied to relevant reactions and targets such as hydrotreating, Deacon oxidation, Fischer-Tropsch, propane dehydrogenation, C4 oxidation, methane coupling, exhaust gas catalysis, bio-based Nylon, fuel cells and vitamins. The topics presented in this eBook have been contributed by researchers from academia as well as industry, making this eBook a well-balanced reference, which could be of particular interest to professional, industrial or service R&D labs.

Understanding the dispersion and the deposition of inertial particles convected by turbulent flows is a domain of research of considerable industrial interest. Inertial particle transport and dispersion are encountered in a wide range of flow configurations, whether they are of industrial or environmental character. Conventional models for turbulent dispersed flows do not appear capable of meeting the growing needs of chemical, mechanical and petroleum industries in this regard and physical environment testing is prohibitive. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) have become powerful tools for the investigation of particle-laden turbulent flows with the help of advances in computing resources. The hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian approach plays a key role in predicting inertial particle dispersion and deposition. This ebook explains the use of stochastic tools to enhance the accuracy of the Eulerian-Lagrangian large eddy simulation of particle-laden turbulent flows of practical interest. The book should be a useful resource for chemical, mechanical, petroleum and environmental engineering postgraduates and researchers interested in applying tractable yet powerful numerical tools to solve problems involving multiphase flows.

Advanced Physical Chemistry Practical Guide aims to improve the student’s understanding of theory through practical experience and by facilitating experimental exercises. The book covers a wide range of areas from basic to advanced experiments including the calibration of instruments as well as the use of software for accurate computational quantum chemical calculations. This book is divided into four sections: part I - general introduction, calibration of glassware, instruments and precautions part II - experiments that have a simple theoretical background and classical methods part III - experiments that are associated with more advanced theory, and technique that require a greater degree of experimental skill and instrumentation part IV – investigative experiments relying on computers Covering all aspects of classical, advanced and computational chemistry experiments, Advanced Physical Chemistry Practical Guide will enable students to gain confidence in their ability to perform a physical chemistry experiment and to appreciate the value of an experimental approach towards the subject. Advanced Physical Chemistry Practical Guide is an essential handbook for students and teachers at advanced levels who seek to learn practical knowledge about important aspects of physical chemistry.

This reference provides collective information about the physical and photophysical changes of supramolecules after encapsulation. It covers luminescent systems involving a range of host molecules such as calixarenes, cyclodextrin, resorcinanene-crowns, pillararenes, cucurbituril, and metallacycles. Chapters also discuss the effect of the macrocyclic environment on the properties of functionalized molecules, including the variations in folding and unfolding patterns. Each chapter is supplemented with detailed references, making this an ideal resource for scholars interested in supramolecular photophysics.

A biosensor is an integrated receptor-transducer device that converts a biological response into an electrical signal. The design and development of biosensors have taken center stage for researchers or scientists in the recent decade owing to the wide range of biosensor applications in healthcare and disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, water and food quality, and drug delivery. Due to their adaptability, ease of use in relatively complex samples, and portability, the significance of electrochemical biosensors in analytical chemistry has increased manifold. Electrochemistry has been pivotal in developing transduction methods for biological processes and biosensors. In parallel, the explosion of activity in nanoscience and nanotechnology and their huge success have profoundly affected biosensor technology, opening new avenues of research for electrode materials and transduction. Electrochemical Biosensors in Practice: Material and Methods particularly explores the use of silver and gold nanoparticles for signal amplification, photocurrent transduction, and aptamer design. Therefore, the book serves as an introductory text for those specializing in biosensors and bioelectronics and their practical applications. Key features - Includes structured information for easy understanding of the subject - Provides an introduction to biosensors and electrochemical biosensor classification - Explains fundamental concepts and practical electrochemistry techniques for research - Provides notes on essential electrochemical sensor materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, conductive polymers, and other advanced materials - Provides information about electrochemical biosensor development - Informs readers about recent applications and research findings - Includes references for further reading

This book informs readers about recent advances in graphene carbocatalysis encapsulating the current developments in the syntheses, properties, characterizations, functionalization and catalytic applications of graphene, its derivatives and composites. It serves as a comprehensive primary reference book for chemistry and engineering students who are required to learn about graphene chemistry in detail. It also serves as an introductory reference for industry professionals and researchers who are interested in graphene research as well as its emerging applications in catalysis and beyond. Volume 2 presents information about the industrial applications of graphene-based materials. It starts with graphene-based photocatalysis and progresses into the electrochemical applications of related materials. Highlighted applications in this domain include the use of graphene for hydrogen production and in electrodes for electrochemical sensors. It also covers developments in graphene-based smart energy materials. The final chapter of the volume summarizes the future of graphene-based material technology.

Ionic Liquids: Eco-friendly Substitutes for Surface and Interface Applications explores the growing interest in utilizing ionic liquids as sustainable alternatives for various industrial and biological applications. With their unique properties and environmentally friendly nature, ionic liquids have emerged as promising substitutes for toxic and volatile solvents, offering significant advantages in surface and interface chemistry. This book is divided into two parts: Part 1 covers the basics of ionic liquids, their surface/interface properties, and interactions with metallic surfaces. Part 2 focuses on the wide range of surface and interface applications of ionic liquids, including wastewater treatment, corrosion protection, catalysis, separation processes, medical devices, and sensing applications. Key Features: A complete book fully dedicated to the surface and interface chemistry of ionic liquids with seventeen chapters Covers fundamentals, recent progress, and applications in surface/interface chemistry Presents up-to-date research and interdisciplinary insights Includes relevant references and resources for further exploration This is a valuable reference for scientists and engineers who want to learn about ionic liquids' chemistry and applications